Plastic

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant   asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil     kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

 

Plastic :

plastic is a petroleum product and

 is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organicamorphous solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs.

The word derives from the Greek πλαστικός (plastikos), "fit for molding", from πλαστός(plastos) "molded".^[1] [2] It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into an enormous variety of shapes—such asfilms, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more.

The common word "plastic" should not be confused with the technical adjective "plastic", which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (a "plastic deformation") when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminum, for instance, is "plastic" in this sense, but not "a plastic" in the common sense; while some plastics, in their finished forms, will break before deforming — and therefore are not "plastic" in the technical sense.

There are two types of plastics, thermoplastic and thermoset. Thermoplastics, if exposed to heat, will melt in two to seven minutes. Thermosets will keep their shape until they are charred and burnt. Some examples of thermoplastics are grocery bags, piano keys and some automobile parts. Examples of thermosets are kid's dinner sets and circuit boards.

A picture of petrochemical refinery in Grangemouth, Scotland, UK.

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Chemicals

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Chemical substances :

petroleum is used to make chemicals. chemical

is a material with a specific chemical composition.^[1] It is a concept that became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.^[2] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.^[3] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.

A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio ofhydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. A pure chemical substance cannot be separated into other substances by a process that does not involve any chemical reaction and is rarely found in nature. Some typical chemical substances can be diamond, gold, salt (sodium chloride) and sugar (sucrose). Generally, chemical substances exist as a solid, liquid, or gas, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure.

Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not considered to be matter, and thus they are not "substances" in this regard.

Lubricant

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Lubricant :

lubricant is petroleum product. lubricant 

is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear. They may also have the function of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat.

One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment.

Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicone, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc.

Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are also added to some fuels. Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which has to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity.

Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc.), teflon tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.

Another approach to reducing friction and wear is to use bearings such as ball bearings, roller bearings or air bearings, which in turn require internal lubrication themselves, or to use sound, in the case of acoustic lubrication.

In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include bio-medical applications.

Asphalt

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Asphalt :

asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum. It is most commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding its structure)^{[citation needed]}.

In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.

The primary use of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for theaggregate particles. The road surfacing material is usually called 'asphaltic concrete' or simply AC in North America, or simply 'asphalt' elsewhere. Within North America the apparent interchangeability of the words 'asphalt' and 'bitumen' causes confusion outside the road construction industry despite quite clear definitions within industry circles.

Gasoline or petrol

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Gasoline or petrol :

gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines. It also is used as a powerful solvent much like acetone.

It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons, enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene andbenzene to increase its octane rating. Small quantities of various additives are common, for purposes such as tuning performance or reducing emissions. Some mixtures also contain significant quantities of ethanol as a partial alternative fuel.

Most current or former Commonwealth countries use the term "petrol", abbreviated from petroleum spirit. InNorth America, the word "gasoline" is the common term, where it is often shortened in colloquial usage to simply "gas". It is not a genuinely gaseous fuel (unlike, for example, liquefied petroleum gas, which is stored under pressure as a liquid, but returned to a gaseous state before combustion). The term petrogasoline is also used.

In aviation, mogas, short for motor gasoline, is used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation gasoline, oravgas. In British English, "gasoline" can refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon.

Diesel or diesel fuel

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Diesel or diesel fuel :

 in general is any fuel used in diesel engines. The most common is a specificfractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel,biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2007, almost every diesel fuel available in America and Europe is the ULSD type.

Liquefied petroleum gas

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Liquefied petroleum gas :

(also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as afuel in heating appliances and vehicles, and increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer.

Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily propane, mixes that are primarily butane, and the more common, mixes including both propane (60%) and butane (40%), depending on the season—in winter more propane, in summer more butane. Propylene and butylenes are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The international standard is EN 589.

LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or 'wet' natural gas, and is usually derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of crude oil, or extracted from oil or gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of the energy consumed, and burns cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions, posing no ground or water pollution hazards. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared to 42.5 MJ/kg for diesel and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline).^[1] However, its energy density per unit volume is lower than either petrol or diesel.

At normal temperatures and pressures, LPG will evaporate. Because of this, LPG is supplied in pressurised steel bottles. In order to allow forthermal expansion of the contained liquid, these bottles are not filled completely; typically, they are filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity. The ratio between the volumes of the vaporised gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (2.2 bar) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2.2 megapascals (22 bar) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. This can cause ignition or suffocation hazards if not dealt with.

LPG is a low carbon emitting hydrocarbon fuel available in rural areas, emitting 19 percent less CO₂ per kWh than oil, 30 percent less than coal and more than 50 percent less than coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits more carbon per joule than propane and LPG emits less carbon per joule than butane.

Large amounts of LPG can be stored in bulk tanks and can be buried underground if required. Alternatively, gas cylinders can be used.

Fuel oil

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Fuel oil :

 fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in anengine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 40 °C (104 °F) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of longhydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline andnaphtha.

Kerosene

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Kerosene :

Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage,^[1] also known as paraffin, is acombustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros (κηρός wax). The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oilkerosene.^[2] It eventually became genericized.

It is usually called paraffin (sometimes paraffin oil) in the UK and South Africa (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin, or the much more viscous paraffin oil used as a laxative); the term kerosene is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia (where it is usually referred to colloquially as kero) and New Zealand.^[3]

Kerosene is widely used to power jet-engined aircraft (jet fuel) and some rockets, but is also commonly used as a heating fuel and for fire toys such as poi.

The heat of combustion of Kerosene is similar to that of diesel: its Lower Heating Value is around 18,500 Btu/lb, or 43.1 MJ/kg, and its Higher Heating Value is 46.2MJ/kg.^[4]

Paraffin Wax

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Paraffin Wax :

we get paraffin wax from petroleum and it is used in many ways

Candle-making

Coatings for waxed paper or cloth

Food-grade paraffin wax:

• Shiny coating used in candy-making; although edible, it is nondigestible, passing right through the body without being broken down
• Coating for many kinds of hard cheese, like Edam cheese
• Sealant for jars, cans, and bottles
• Chewing gum additive

Investment casting

Anti-caking agent, moisture repellent, and dustbinding coatings for fertilizers

Agent for preparation of specimens for histology

Bullet lubricant - with other ingredients, such as olive oil and beeswax

Solid propellant for hybrid rocket motors^[12]

Component of surfwax, used for grip on surfboards in surfing

Component of glide wax, used on skis and snowboards

Friction-reducer, for use on handrails and cement ledges, commonly used in skateboarding

Ink. Used as the basis for solid ink different color blocks of wax for thermal printers. The wax is melted and then sprayed on the paper producing images with a shiny surface

Microwax[1]: food additive, a glazing agent with E number E905

Forensics aid: the nitrate test uses paraffin wax to detect nitrates and nitrites on the hand of a shooting suspect

Antiozonant agents: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent cracking of the rubber; the antiozonant waxes can be produced from synthetic waxes, FT wax, and Fischer Tropsch wax

Mechanical thermostats and actuators, as an expansion medium for activating such devices^[10]

"Potting" guitar pickups, which reduce microphonic feedback caused from the subtle movements of the pole pieces

Wax baths for beauty and therapy purposes

Thickening agent in many Paintballs, as used by Crayola

An effective, although comedogenic, moisturiser in toiletries and cosmetics such as Vaseline

Prevents oxidation on the surface of polished steel and iron^[13]

Tar

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Tar :

 is modified resin produced primarily from petroleum ,wood and roots of pine by destructive distillation under pyrolysis. It is a viscous black liquid. Production and trade in tar was a major contributor in the economies of Northern Europe and Colonial America. Its main use was in preserving and protecting wooden vessels against rot. The largest user was the Royal Navy. Demand for tar declined with the advent of iron and steel ships.

Tar-like products can also be produced from other forms of organic matter such as peat. Mineral products resembling tar can be produced from fossil hydrocarbons including petroleum. Coal tar tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production.

Petrochemical

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

Petrochemical :
petrochemicals  are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum or other hydrocarbon origin. Although some of the chemical compounds that originate from petroleum may also be derived from coal and natural gas, petroleum is the major source. The largest petrochemical industries are to be found in the USA and Western Europe, though the major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is a substantial inter-regional trade in petrochemicals of all kinds. World production of ethylene is around 110 million tons per year, of propylene 65 million tons, and of aromatic raw materials 70 million tons.

what are petroleum products

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

what are petroleum products :

refined petroleum products are derived from crude oil through process such as catalytic cracking and fractional distillation, these products have physical and chemical characteristics that differ according to type of crude oil and subsequent refining process . several examples of refined petroleum products and their properties include .

types of petroleum based oil

Major products of crude oil or petroleum:

plastic     chemicals     lubricant  asphalt     gasoline or petrol    diesel or diesel fuel     liquefied petroleum gas     fuel oil    kerosene    paraffin wax     tar      petrochemical     what is crude oil    what are petroleum products    a picture of petrochemical refinery

types of petrolem based oil :

petroleum based oil we can call it crude oil, because before refining it is in its natural form as found in the land , so it is basically crude oil and here we will discuss types of crude oil.crude oil is avaailable in different types in the earth based on the percentage of non hydrocarbon particles or materials in it,it can be classified into the categaries of 

sweet crude oil 

sour crude oil

heavy crude oil

light crude oil

sweet crude oil:

Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum. Petroleum is considered "sweet" if it contains less than 0.5% sulfur,^[1] compared to a higher level of sulfur insour crude oil. Sweet crude oil contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. High quality, low sulfur crude oil is commonly used for processing into gasoline and is in high demand, particularly in the industrialized nations. "Light sweet crude oil" is the most sought-after version of crude oil as it contains a disproportionately large amount of these fractions that are used to process gasoline, kerosene, and high-quality diesel. The term "sweet" originated because the low level of sulfur provides the oil with a mildly sweet taste and pleasant smell. Nineteenth century prospectors would taste and smell small quantities of the oil to determine its quality.^{[citation needed]}

Sour crude oil:

Sour crulde oil  is crude oil containing the impurity sulfur. It is common to find crude oil containing some impurities. When the total sulfur level in the oil is > 0.5 % the oil is called "sour".^[1]

The impurities need to be removed before this lower quality crude can be refined into gasoline, thereby increasing the cost of processing. This results in a higher-priced gasoline than that made from sweet crude oil. Thus sour crude is usually processed into heavy oil such as diesel and fuel oil rather than gasoline to reduce processing cost.

The majority of the sulfur in crude oil occurs bonded to carbon atoms, with a small amount occurring as elemental sulfur in solution and as hydrogen sulfide gas. Sour oil can be toxic and corrosive, especially when the oil contains high levels of hydrogen sulfide.^[2] At low concentrations the oil has the smell of rotten eggs, but at high concentrations the inhalation of hydrogen sulfide is instantly fatal.^[3] At higher concentrations, the hydrogen sulfide can damage the olfactory nerve, rendering the gas effectively odorless and undetectable, while paralyzing the respiratory system. If exposure is not fatal, its effects on the human body are similar to that of Gulf War Syndrome including chronic fatigue, headaches, dizziness, skin problems, memory problems, birth defects, and a host of breathing problems such as asthma. Such sour crude oil needs to be stabilized by having hydrogen sulfide gas (H₂S) removed from it before being transported by oil tankers for safety reasons.

Heavy crude oil

Heavy crude oil or Extra Heavy Crude oil is any type of crude oil which does not flow easily. It is referred to as "heavy" because its density orspecific gravity is higher than of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°,^[1] meaning that its specific gravity is greater than 0.933 (g/ml). This mostly results from crude oil getting degraded by being exposed to bacteria, water or airresulting in the loss of its lighter fractions while leaving behind its heavier fractions.

Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. The largest reserves of heavy oil in the world are located north of the Orinoco river in Venezuela^[2], the same amount as the conventional oil reserves of Saudi Arabia^[3], but 30 or more countries are known to have reserves. Heavy crude oil is closely related to oil sands, the main difference being that oil sands generally do not flow at all.Canada has large reserves of oil sands, located north and northeast of Edmonton, Alberta.

Physical properties that distinguish heavy crudes from lighter ones include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. Extra heavy oil from the Orinoco region has a viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise (10 Pa·s)^{[citation needed]} and 10° API gravity ^[4]. Generally a diluent is added at regular distances in a pipeline carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow.

Some petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as extra heavy oil although bitumen does not flow at ambient conditions.

Light crude oil:

Light crude oil is crude oil with a low wax content. The clear cut definition of 'light' and 'heavy' crude is hard to find, simply because the classification so made is based more on practical grounds than theoretical. Since crudes with high viscosities are more difficult to transport/pump, those with apparently lighter wax content are referred to as 'light crude' and the ones with substantially more wax are classified as 'heavy crude'.